ART OF LIVING HEALTHY

ART OF LIVING HEALTHY: IMPACT OF DIET DIVERSITY AND LIFESTYLE ON AGE REVERSAL & TELOMERES LENGTH (ART) 

By CM Biradar, GGGC

In recent years, scientific research and ancient food wisdom have increasingly focused on the relationship between health and lifestyle factors and reversing or slowing the aging process. Particular attention has been paid to how our way of living (diets- more fruits and fresh produce, exercise, yoga, meditation, social, environment) can potentially slow down aging and promote overall health and wellness. One key area of interest is the effect of healthy eating habits and lifestyle choices on telomeres; the protective caps at the ends of our chromosomes play a crucial role in cellular ageing.

Healthy Foods and Aging

Health is a continuum of the soil, water, air, sunlight, flora and fauna, and everything is connected and caring in an integrated system. In the natural system, everything is in sync and synergy. So, how we grow food, diversity, culture, and nature are synch and symbiotic – restoring this union makes the food system sustainable, equitable, inclusive, and healthy [1]. Healthy foods grown under healthy conditions, such as healthy soil and an environment rich in nutrition, antioxidants, flavonoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and other nutrients, have been associated with slower ageing and longer telomeres. A study shows that those who consume good diets have longer telomeres compared to those who don’t [2], and consuming healthy food and balanced diets and diversity helps restore one health and plenty of health [3]. The diet’s high content of vegetables, fruits, nuts, and good fats (e.g., ghee, coconut and olive oil), may contribute to staying healthy and younger [4].

Exercise and Telomere Length

Regular physical activity has been shown to have a positive impact on health and telomere length. A meta-analysis published in the journal Ageing Reversal Research Reviews concluded that individuals who engaged in regular moderate to vigorous exercise had significantly longer telomeres compared to sedentary individuals [5].

Yoga and Meditation

Yoga and meditation, practices that combine physical postures, breathing techniques, and mindfulness, have also been linked to slower cellular aging. A study in the journal Cancer found that breast cancer survivors who practiced yoga had longer telomeres compared to those who didn’t [6]. Similarly, research published in Psychoneuroendocrinology showed that loving-kindness meditation was associated with longer telomeres in women [7].

Lifestyle Interventions and Telomerase Activity

Telomerase, the enzyme responsible for maintaining telomere length, can be influenced by lifestyle factors. A landmark study published in The Lancet Oncology, and Eat Lancets demonstrated that comprehensive lifestyle changes, including a plant-based diet, moderate exercise, stress management techniques, and social support, led to increased telomerase activities[8].

ART of Living Longer and Healthier

Age Reversal Therapy (ART) of living longer, healthier, and wealthier is deeply intertwined with the quality of our nutrition and lifestyle choices. By prioritizing organic, naturally grown foods under healthy soil and enviroment and integrating them with mindful practices like yoga and meditation, we may unlock the potential for extended healthspan – the period of life spent in good health.

While the field of Age Reversal Therapy (ART) is still evolving, the current evidence suggests that an organic, plant-rich diet combined with mindful lifestyle practices offers a promising path to longevity and wellness. As always, it’s important to consult with healthcare professionals when making significant changes to your diet or lifestyle.

While aging is a complex process influenced by various factors, including genetics, mounting evidence suggests that lifestyle choices can play a significant role in how we age at a cellular level. By adopting a healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise, and practicing stress-reduction techniques like yoga and meditation, individuals may be able to positively influence their telomere length and potentially slow down the aging process.

However, it’s important to note that while these diets and lifestyle factors show promise, more research is needed to fully understand their long-term effects on aging and overall health especially urban lifestyles where access to good food is still a challenge. Always consult with elders with food wisdom and healthcare professionals before making significant changes to your diets and lifestyle or starting new health regimens.

References

1. Biradar, C., 2021. Innovations to integrate indigenous wisdom for better diet diversity and planetary health. UN Food Systems Summit 2021, Global Dialogues: Integrating Indigenous Knowledge with Emerging Technologies to Enhance Sustainability of Food System. 31 May, 2021, https://www.un.org/en/food-systems-summit
2. Crous-Bou, M., et al. (2014). Mediterranean diet and telomere length in Nurses’ Health Study: population based cohort study. BMJ, 349, g6674.
3. Biradar, C. 2021. Digital augmentation to support the agro-ecological transformation of agri-food systems in the drylands of Africa and Asia. In Agroecological transformation for sustainable food systems. Special France-CGIAR partnership. UN Food Systems Summit. Agropolis Internation. New York, September 2021. 
4. Biradar, C., Rizvi, J., & Dandin, S. (2022). Diversified farming systems for changing climate and consumerism. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 17(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v17i1.2174
5. Mundstock, E., et al. (2015). Effects of physical activity in telomere length: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 22, 72-80.
6. Thaker, P. H., et al. (2013). Chronic stress promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mouse model of ovarian carcinoma. Nature Medicine, 12(8), 939-944.
7. Hoge, E. A., et al. (2013). Loving-Kindness Meditation practice associated with longer telomeres in women. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 32, 159-163.
8. Ornish, D., et al. (2013). Effect of comprehensive lifestyle changes on telomerase activity and telomere length in men with biopsy-proven low-risk prostate cancer: 5-year follow-up of a descriptive pilot study. The Lancet Oncology, 14(11), 1112-1120.

Functional Agroecosystems: An Ultimate Solution for Mitigating Floods and Droughts in India

Functional Agroecosystems: An Ultimate Solution for Mitigating Floods and Droughts in India

By CM Biradar, GGGC 

In an era of rapid economic growth and increasing climate uncertainty, India and the world face significant challenges in balancing development with environmental sustainability. Functional agroecosystems are emerging as a powerful solution to address the dual challenges of floods and droughts while supporting the country’s agricultural sector. By embracing sustainable farming practices such as regenerative agriculture and agroforestry, India can create resilient landscapes that not only withstand extreme weather events but also contribute to a greener, more equitable future (Biradar et al., 2021).

India has experienced remarkable economic growth in recent years, with its GDP expanding at an average rate of 6.6% between 2014 and 2019 to 7.3-8.2 % in 2024. However, this growth has come at an environmental cost. India’s CO₂ emissions have risen by 335% since 1990, reaching 2.6 billion tonnes in 2019. Per capita CO₂ emissions in India have soared in recent decades, climbing from roughly 0.4 MT in 1970 to 2.07 MT in 2023. Unsustainable land management, especially agricultural practices and intensification, has led to soil degradation, affecting 147 million hectares or 44.7% of India’s total land area. The reduction of perennial vegetation and trees in landscapes, along with climate change, has exacerbated India’s vulnerability to natural as well as manmade disasters. 

Image 1: Map showing tree deficit landscapes of India, predominantly intensive agricultural and degraded lands.  

The frequency of extreme events such as cyclones, floods, and droughts and heat waves has increased by 52% between 2001-2019 compared to 1982-2000. Floods affected more than 17 million people annually between 2010-2021. Droughts have become more frequent, with 42% of India’s land area facing drought in 2019. There is certainly need of drought and flood warning to mitigate these impacts (van Ginkel, and Biradar, 2021). These statistics underscore the urgent need for sustainable solutions to enhance India’s resilience to climate change while supporting its agricultural sector, which employs nearly 42% of the country’s workforce.

The Power of Functional Production Systems

Functional production systems, which refer to functional agroecosystems, regenerative agriculture, agroforestry, natural farming, permaculture, etc mainly embody the fundamental ecological principle that ‘production follows functions.’ This paradigm shift represents a powerful approach to creating economically viable and ecologically sustainable landscapes. By prioritizing ecosystem functions—such as nutrient cycling, water retention, and biodiversity support—these systems naturally enhance agricultural productivity. The integration of diversified crops, multipurpose trees, and indigenous livestock creates a complex web of interactions that mimics natural ecosystems. For instance, nitrogen-fixing trees enrich soil fertility, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers, while also providing fodder for livestock and improving soil structure. This enhanced soil structure, in turn, increases water retention capacity, making the landscape more resilient to both floods and droughts. The diverse plant species support a rich array of pollinators and beneficial insects, naturally managing pests and reducing the need for chemical interventions. As these ecological functions are restored and strengthened, agricultural production becomes more stable and sustainable. This approach not only leads to more consistent yields but also opens up multiple income streams for farmers through diversified products such as fruits, timber, honey, and livestock products. The result is a green economic growth model where ecological sustainability and economic viability are mutually reinforcing, creating resilient landscapes that can withstand climate variability while supporting rural livelihoods and contributing to national food security. 

Functional agroecosystems are built on the principle of systematic integration. This approach combines: 1. Diversified crops, 2. Multipurpose trees, and 3. Indigenous livestock.  This integration creates a symbiotic environment where each element supports and enhances the others, addressing multiple crises simultaneously.

The Five Highs of Functional Agroecosystems

Functional agroecosystems operate on a principle of interconnected “five highs” that synergistically contribute to ‘good food’ and ‘livable environmental’ security while fostering sustainable and resilient livelihoods (Biradar 2021). This process begins with high biodiversity, which forms the foundation of ecosystem resilience. Increased biodiversity, including both above- and below-ground species, enhances ecosystem functionality through niche complementarity and facilitation effects (Isbell et al., 2017). This biodiversity directly contributes to the second “high”: enhanced carbon sequestration. Diverse plant communities, particularly those including deep-rooted perennials and trees, significantly increase soil organic carbon stocks (Lange et al., 2015). The improved soil structure resulting from higher organic matter content leads to the third “high”: increased water retention capacity. Research indicates that a 1% increase in soil organic matter can increase water-holding capacity by up to 3.7% (Hudson, 1994) and 1 gram of soil organic matter holds 8 grams of water and a kg of leguminous mixed tree leaf litter holds water anywhere from 50-100 litres, also help observe atmospheric water (Biradar et al. 2022x and field observations). These three factors collectively support the fourth “high”: high productivity. The improved soil health, soil water availability, and ecosystem services (such as pollination and natural pest control) provided by biodiversity result in more stable and often higher yields (Pretty et al., 2018, Biradar et al, 2021). Finally, this productivity, combined with the diverse income streams from a multi-functional landscape, contributes to the fifth “high”: high equity and social inclusion. The distributed benefits of a diverse agroecosystem, including non-timber forest products, livestock outputs, and ecosystem services, can lead to more equitable economic outcomes for rural communities (Waldron et al., 2017). This sequential process of five highs creates a positive feedback loop, where each “high” reinforces and amplifies the others, resulting in a robust system that enhances both ecological and socio-economic resilience.

Restoring Biodiversity

One of the key benefits of functional agroecosystems is the restoration of biodiversity. By moving away from monoculture farming and embracing a diverse range of plant and animal species. Restoring agro-biodiversity through the strategic incorporation of diverse crops, trees, and livestock is fundamental to creating resilient and productive agroecosystems. This approach, tailored with site-specific interventions, significantly enriches habitats for beneficial microbiomes, insects, pollinators, and birds, thereby enhancing natural pest and disease control mechanisms (Altieri et al., 2015; Biradar et al., 2020). Research indicates that increasing plant diversity can reduce pest abundance by 36% and increase pest enemy abundance by 44% compared to monocultures (Dainese et al., 2019). This enhanced biodiversity contributes to improved land and water productivity, with studies showing that diversified farming systems can increase yield stability by up to 15% (Raseduzzaman and Jensen, 2017). A prime example of this approach is the traditional Indian Nandi Krishi system, which reintroduces cow and oxen-based farming. This system approach promotes akkadi salu (mixed cropping), inter-cropping, and relay cropping, integrated with bio-fertilizer (bio-N, green manure and mulch) and fodder trees. Such integration creates a more balanced ecosystem that not only increases diet diversity but also ensures a continuous supply of fodder for livestock, especially in the off-season. Moreover, this diverse system significantly enhances carbon sequestration potential, with agroforestry and regenerative agroecosystems capable of sequestering much higher carbon sequestration than monocropping. The incorporation of livestock in this system further contributes to soil health through manure inputs and biological nitrogen fixation, potentially increasing soil organic carbon by 0.5-1.5 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 (Lal, 2004). This holistic approach to agro-biodiversity restoration thus creates a synergistic effect, simultaneously addressing issues of productivity, sustainability, and climate resilience in agricultural landscapes.

Carbon Sequestration and Healthy Soil

Healthy soil is the best indicator of healthy people and a healthy nation. Regenerative agriculture practices, a cornerstone of functional agroecosystems, focus on restoring and building soil health. This approach increases organic matter in the soil, enhances carbon sequestration and improves soil structure and water retention capacity. As a result, these systems become powerful carbon sinks, contributing to climate change mitigation while also becoming more resilient to extreme weather events. 

Building upon the high biodiversity in functional agroecosystems, the resultant increase in carbon sequestration potential plays a crucial role in enhancing soil health and overall ecosystem resilience. Diversified systems of crops, trees, and livestock effectively maximize solar energy capture and atmospheric carbon fixation, leading to substantial increases in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. Research indicates that agroforestry systems in India can sequester 0.5-6.9 Mg C ha^-1 year^-1 (Dhyani et al., 2017), while the integration of livestock can further enhance SOC by 0.5-1.5 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 (Lal, 2004). This enhanced carbon sequestration significantly improves soil structure and function. Higher SOC levels are strongly correlated with increased soil microbial biomass and diversity, with studies showing up to a 30% increase in microbial biomass carbon for each 1% increase in SOC (Fierer et al., 2009). The improved soil structure and microbial activity dramatically enhance water retention capacity, with each 1% increase in soil organic matter potentially increasing water holding capacity by up to 3.7% (Hudson, 1994). This improved water retention, coupled with enhanced infiltration rates due to better soil structure, significantly aids in rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge. Consequently, these processes contribute to the restoration of springsheds and the rejuvenation of river flows. For instance, a study in the Western Ghats of India found that agroforestry-based watershed management increased stream flow by 23-65% compared to monoculture landscapes (Bonell et al., 2010). Thus, the cascade of effects from high biodiversity to enhanced carbon sequestration creates a positive feedback loop, fostering soil health, improving water cycles, and ultimately enhancing the overall resilience and productivity of the agroecosystem.

On-Farm Soil Water Management

The most critical aspect of functional agroecosystems in the context of flood and drought mitigation is their superior land and on-farm soil water management capabilities. These systems excel at harvesting rainwater (holding rain where it falls), storing water in the soil profile and managing the subsurface flow and return of springsheds. By improving soil structure and increasing organic matter content, these systems can absorb and retain more water during heavy rainfall events, reducing the risk of flooding. During dry periods, the stored water helps sustain crops and maintain ecosystem functions, mitigating the impacts of drought.

On-farm water management leads to high rainwater retention in the soil is a critical outcome of the synergistic relationship between biodiversity and soil health in functional agroecosystems. The enhanced biodiversity, particularly the diversity of plant species and their associated root systems and rhizosphere interactions (root exudates), coupled with increased soil organic matter (SOM), significantly improves the water dynamics of the farm ecosystem. One gram of soil organic matter (SOC) holds eight grams of water, and with each 1% increase in SOM, the water-holding capacity of soil increases by approximately 3.5-8% (Hudson, 1994). This improved water retention is further enhanced by the diverse below-ground biomass, with studies showing that a 10% increase in root biomass can lead to a 5-10% increase in soil water storage capacity (Yadav et al., 2019). 

Image 2: Role of the trees and perineal vegetation cover in enhancing groundwater recharge and reducing surface runoff leads to return of springsheds 

The complex root networks of diverse plant communities also substantially increase soil porosity and infiltration rates. For instance, agroforestry systems have been found to increase infiltration rates by 1.6-10.2 times compared to monoculture systems (Ilstedt et al., 2007). These improvements in soil structure and water infiltration significantly reduce surface runoff, with some studies reporting reductions of up to 65% in diverse agroecosystems compared to conventional systems (Palm et al., 2014). Consequently, this leads to increased subsurface base flow and enhanced groundwater recharge. The reduced surface runoff also mitigates soil erosion, with agroforestry systems showing up to 50% lower erosion rates compared to conventional agriculture (Nair, 2007). These combined effects of improved water retention and reduced soil loss contribute to enhanced land and water productivity. Studies have shown that water use efficiency in diverse agroecosystems can be up to 100% higher than in monocultures (Mao et al., 2012). Furthermore, the improved water availability and soil health help plants overcome both biotic and abiotic stresses. For example, diverse agroforestry systems have demonstrated 20-30% higher resilience to drought compared to monoculture systems (Verchot et al., 2007). Thus, high on-farm water retention serves as a crucial link in the chain of ecosystem services provided by functional agroecosystems, contributing significantly to their overall resilience and productivity.

Green Economic Transition

Functional agroecosystems don’t just benefit the environment; they also offer significant economic advantages, such as higher and more stable yields, reduced input costs (e.g., fertilizers, pesticides), diversified income streams and increased resilience to market fluctuations and more climate-smart. This economic model supports a green economic transition, moving agriculture towards sustainability while maintaining or even improving profitability.

Image 3: Production follows function and restoring the ecological functions is critical for green economic transition with multiple benefits and co-existence  

Functional agroecosystems not only confer environmental benefits but also offer substantial economic advantages, driving a green economic transition in agriculture. These systems demonstrate higher and more stable yields, with meta-analyses showing yield increases of 20-55% and yield stability improvements of up to 30% compared to conventional monocultures (Pretty et al., 2018; Raseduzzaman & Jensen, 2017). The diversification inherent in these systems significantly reduces input costs; studies report decreases in synthetic fertilizer use by 30-50% and pesticide use by 50-100% (Davis et al., 2012). Furthermore, the integration of multiple crops, trees, and livestock creates diversified income streams, enhancing economic resilience. Research indicates that agroforestry systems can increase farm profitability by 40-70% compared to monoculture systems (Roshetko et al., 2013). This economic diversification also bolsters resilience to market fluctuations; a study of 1,800 farms across 10 European countries found that more diverse farms had 30% lower income variability (Bowles et al., 2020). Importantly, functional agroecosystems are inherently climate-smart, with improved adaptive capacity and mitigation potential. They demonstrate 20-30% higher resilience to climatic stresses compared to conventional systems (Verchot et al., 2007), while simultaneously sequestering 0.5-6.9 Mg C ha^-1 year^-1 in the Indian context (Dhyani et al., 2017). The economic value of these ecosystem services, including improved soil health and water regulation, has been estimated at $600-1,000 ha^-1 year^-1 (Sandhu et al., 2016). This confluence of economic and environmental benefits supports a green economic transition, shifting agriculture towards sustainability while maintaining or even enhancing profitability. As such, functional agroecosystems represent a viable pathway for achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals, including Zero Hunger, Climate Action, and Life on Land (Waldron et al., 2017), making them a cornerstone of sustainable agricultural development.

Image 4: Green economic growth and netzero transition through nature-centric solutions to redefine the traditional sustainability paradigm by creating harmonious interactions between human progress and natural systems.

Building Equity and Social Inclusion

The adoption of functional agroecosystems can also address social inequalities in agriculture. These systems empower small-scale farmers with sustainable, low-input techniques, preserve and value traditional and Indigenous farming knowledge, create diverse employment opportunities in rural areas and Improve food security and nutrition at the local level. By integrating social considerations into agricultural practices, functional agroecosystems contribute to building more equitable and inclusive rural communities.

Functional agroecosystems play a pivotal role in addressing social inequalities and fostering inclusive rural communities. These systems are particularly empowering for small-scale farmers, who constitute 84% of all farms globally (Lowder et al., 2016). By promoting sustainable, low-input techniques, functional agroecosystems can reduce production costs by 30-60% compared to conventional systems (Pretty et al., 2018), making agriculture more accessible and profitable for resource-poor farmers. Furthermore, these systems inherently value and integrate traditional and Indigenous farming knowledge, enhancing cultural preservation and social inclusion. A study in India found that agroforestry systems incorporating traditional practices improved farmers’ income by 25-30% while simultaneously strengthening cultural identity (Pandey, 2007). The diversification inherent in functional agroecosystems creates varied employment opportunities in rural areas, with research indicating a 30-50% increase in labor demand compared to monocultures (Altieri et al., 2015). This diversification also significantly improves local food security and nutrition. A meta-analysis of 50 studies across the Global South found that farm diversification increased dietary diversity scores by 14-18% (Jones, 2017). Moreover, functional agroecosystems contribute to gender equity; a study across 60 sites in Africa reported that agroforestry initiatives increased women’s income by 17-25% and their participation in household decision-making by 20-35% (Kiptot & Franzel, 2012). By integrating these social considerations into agricultural practices, functional agroecosystems foster more equitable and inclusive rural communities. They address multiple dimensions of rural poverty and social marginalization, aligning closely with Sustainable Development Goals such as No Poverty, Zero Hunger, and Gender Equality (FAO, 2018). Thus, functional agroecosystems serve not only as a tool for ecological sustainability but also as a powerful mechanism for social transformation in rural landscapes.

Conclusion

Nature offers infinite potential and options for unlocking natural solutions for sustainable living and livelihoods through restoring functional agroecosystems (Biradar 2021). We have learned from evidence at scale about food, water, land, carbon footprint, and how the agroecosystem approach transforms unsustainable land use through untapped potential. Regenerative agroecosystems offer a transformative approach to agriculture that simultaneously addresses climate change, nutrition security, and economic sustainability. This synthesis workshop explores the potential of these systems to drive a green economic transition while achieving net-zero emissions and improving global nutrition.

Functional agroecosystems represent a holistic solution to the pressing challenges of floods, droughts, and climate change. By embracing the principles of regenerative agriculture and agroforestry, we can create resilient landscapes that not only withstand extreme weather events but also restore biodiversity, sequester carbon, and build healthier soils.

These systems offer a path towards a green economic transition in agriculture, one that values sustainability, resilience, and social equity. As we face an uncertain climate future, the adoption and scaling of functional agroecosystems may well be one of our most powerful tools for creating a sustainable and food-secure world.

References

Altieri, M. A., Nicholls, C. I., Henao, A., & Lana, M. A. (2015). Agroecology and the design of climate change-resilient farming systems. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(3), 869-890.

Biradar, C., Rizvi, J., & Dandin, S. (2022). Diversified farming systems for changing climate and consumerism. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 17(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v17i1.2174

Biradar, C. 2021. Digital augmentation to support the agro-ecological transformation of agri-food systems in the drylands of Africa and Asia. In Agroecological transformation for sustainable food systems. Special France-CGIAR partnership. UN Food Systems Summit. Agropolis Internation. New York, September 2021. 

Biradar C., 2021. Innovation in digital augmentation for empowering agricultural extension. Agriculture Today. Volume XXIV (04), 48-49

Biradar, C., S. Ghosh, A. Sarker, R. Singh, F, Löw, R.N. Sahoo, K. El-Shamma, L. Atassi, P. Chandna, N. Swain, G, Choudhury, S. Agrawal, A. H. Rizvi, J. Dong, A. Gaur, and J. Wery. 2019. Geo-Big -Data and digital augmentation for accelerating agroecological intensification in drylands. Archives of Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 42-3(6). 545-448  

Biradar, C.M. and Xiao, X. 2010. Quantifying the area and spatial distribution of double- and triple-cropping croplands in India with multi-temporal MODIS imagery in 2005. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 32(2), 367-386. 

Biradar, C.M., Thenkabail, P.S., Noojipady, P., Yuanjie, L., Dheeravath, V., Velpuri, M., Turral, H., Gumma, M.K., Reddy, O.G.P., Xueliang, L. C., Xiao, X., Schull, M.A., Alankara, R.D., Gunasinghe, S., Mohideen, S., 2009. A global map of rainfed cropland areas (GMRCA) at the end of last millennium using remote sensing. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 11 (2009) 114–129.

Bowles, T. M., Mooshammer, M., Socolar, Y., Calderón, F., Cavigelli, M. A., Culman, S. W., … & Grandy, A. S. (2020). Long-term evidence shows that crop-rotation diversification increases agricultural resilience to adverse growing conditions in North America. One Earth, 2(3), 284-293.

Dainese, M., Martin, E. A., Aizen, M. A., Albrecht, M., Bartomeus, I., Bommarco, R., … & Steffan-Dewenter, I. (2019). A global synthesis reveals biodiversity-mediated benefits for crop production. Science Advances, 5(10), eaax0121.

Davis, A. S., Hill, J. D., Chase, C. A., Johanns, A. M., & Liebman, M. (2012). Increasing cropping system diversity balances productivity, profitability and environmental health. PloS one, 7(10), e47149.

Dhyani, S. K., Handa, A. K., & Uma. (2017). Area under agroforestry in India: An assessment for present status and future perspective. Indian Journal of Agroforestry, 19(1), 89-96.

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Jones, A. D. (2017). Critical review of the emerging research evidence on agricultural biodiversity, diet diversity, and nutritional status in low- and middle-income countries. Nutrition Reviews, 75(10), 769-782.

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Hudson, B. D. (1994). Soil organic matter and available water capacity. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 49(2), 189-194.

Ilstedt, U., Malmer, A., Verbeeten, E., & Murdiyarso, D. (2007). The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 251(1-2), 45-51.

Isbell, F., Adler, P. R., Eisenhauer, N., Fornara, D., Kimmel, K., Kremen, C., … & Scherer-Lorenzen, M. (2017). Benefits of increasing plant diversity in sustainable agroecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 105(4), 871-879.

Kiptot, E., & Franzel, S. (2012). Gender and agroforestry in Africa: a review of women’s participation. Agroforestry Systems, 84(1), 35-58.

Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304(5677), 1623-1627.

Lange, M., Eisenhauer, N., Sierra, C. A., Bessler, H., Engels, C., Griffiths, R. I., … & Gleixner, G. (2015). Plant diversity increases soil microbial activity and soil carbon storage. Nature Communications, 6(1), 1-8.

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Mao, L. L., Zhang, L. Z., Li, W. Q., van der Werf, W., Sun, J. H., Spiertz, H., & Li, L. (2012). Yield advantage and water saving in maize/pea intercrop. Field Crops Research, 138, 11-20.

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Pandey, D. N. (2007). Multifunctional agroforestry systems in India. Current Science, 92(4), 455-463.

Pretty, J., Benton, T. G., Bharucha, Z. P., Dicks, L. V., Flora, C. B., Godfray, H. C. J., … & Pierzynski, G. (2018). Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nature Sustainability, 1(8), 441-446.

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Raseduzzaman, M., & Jensen, E. S. (2017). Does intercropping enhance yield stability in arable crop production? A meta-analysis. European Journal of Agronomy, 91, 25-33.

Roshetko, J. M., Lasco, R. D., & Angeles, M. S. D. (2013). Smallholder agroforestry systems for carbon storage. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(2), 219-242.

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Verchot, L. V., Van Noordwijk, M., Kandji, S., Tomich, T., Ong, C., Albrecht, A., … & Palm, C. (2007). Climate change: linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 12(5), 901-918.

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One Nation, No Return, Brain Drain,

One Nation, No Return, Brain Drain:

India’s Citizenship Exodus and the High Price of Denying Dual Citizenship and Research Funding 

Dr. Chandrashekhar M Biradar | 24 July, 2025

The Alarming Trend: Over 2 Lakh Indians Renounced Citizenship in 2024

In 2024 alone, 2,06,378 Indians gave up their Indian citizenship — a staggering figure revealed in the Rajya Sabha by the Minister of State for External Affairs, Kirti Vardhan Singh. This follows a continuing trend:

• 2024: 2,06,378
• 2023: 2,16,219
• 2022: 2,25,620
• 2021: 1,63,370

In the past decade, nearly 2 million Indians have renounced their citizenship — not out of disloyalty, but out of legal compulsion when they adopted the nationality of another country for education, career, or personal security.

A Global Citizenry India No Longer Owns

Most of these individuals became citizens of nations like the USA, Canada, UK, Australia, Germany, and France, ˝countries that allow and even encourage dual citizenship. But India is one of the only major countries in the world that does not allow its citizens to hold dual nationality. If an Indian becomes a citizen of another country, they must surrender their Indian passport. The result? A legal severance of their connection to Bharat. 

Surrender and Renunciation of Indian Citizenship applies only to applicants of Indian Origin. Under The Indian Citizenship Act, 1955, Persons of Indian Origin is not allowed DUAL Citizenship. If a person has ever held an Indian Passport and has obtained the Passport of another country, they will be required to surrender their Indian Passport immediately after gaining another Country’s nationality.

“We proudly call the world Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, World is One Family, yet refuse to allow our citizens to legally remain part of that global family. We praise Nobel Prize winners, tech CEOs, inventors, and researchers of Indian origin as ‘Indian successes’ — but they are no longer Indian citizens. India celebrates them, but does not recognize them.”

The Great Indian Brain Drain -A Crisis of Policy

And it’s not just numbers. Most of the Indians who gave up their citizenship are millionaires, inventors, entrepreneurs, doctors, engineers, researchers, and high-performing professionals. These are people who worked hard, paid taxes, created technologies, generated jobs, and contributed meaningfully to India and the world.

Just imagine the collective loss:

• Patents not filed in India
• Startups registered abroad
• Research papers published from foreign institutions
• Awards, honours, and breakthroughs attributed to other nations
• Revenue, innovation, and recognition — permanently lost

India isn’t just losing its citizens, it’s losing a generation of global influence, enterprise, and talent.

 China vs India: Two Paths, One Question

While India enforces a no-return policy on citizenship, China launched the ‘10,000 Talent Return Program’. Through it, Chinese nationals abroad were invited and incentivized to return, offering them better or equivalent opportunities to serve their homeland.

China recognized the brain drain early and turned it into brain circulation, empowering returning citizens to lead in science, defence, education, and tech.

Today, China leads India in:

• Number of patents filed annually
• Nobel recognitions and international awards
• Scientific publications
• GDP and global trade leverage
• And its strategic influence over AI, semiconductors, and green tech

A Personal Reflection

I had the privilege of living and working in the United States for nearly a decade, holding a U.S. Green Card and having the option to acquire American citizenship. But I made a conscious and heartfelt decision not to give up my Indian citizenship. I surrendered my Green Card and chose to return to India—to serve the land that shaped me, and to contribute to its journey toward global leadership.

However, not everyone is in a position to make that choice—especially the younger generation of talented professionals, researchers, and entrepreneurs. They are often forced to weigh their deep-rooted loyalty against the practical need for world-class opportunities, institutional recognition, and professional dignity. The reality is stark: if India cannot offer them the best scientific, academic, and career platforms, they will not return—and many will not stay.

This leads to a tragic and persistent outcome: we lose our brightest minds, our most hardworking and visionary citizens, not due to lack of patriotism, but because of outdated policies that no longer reflect the aspirations of a globally connected Bharat. We cannot afford to let rigid laws from the 1950s define the future of 2047.

Dual Citizenship, Innovation & Diaspora Policy

The comparison highlights that the United States treats its diaspora as a strategic national asset, providing legal continuity through dual citizenship, full rights, and structured reintegration programs that enable overseas Americans to contribute both at home and globally. In contrast, India, despite its deep emotional and cultural ties to its global diaspora—lacks the legal frameworks and modern policy mechanisms necessary to fully leverage their potential. The absence of dual citizenship in India effectively severs millions of capable, loyal, and globally positioned Indians from participating in the nation’s development, innovation ecosystem, and strategic interests at a time when their contributions could elevate Bharat’s global standing.

Comparison between India and United States of America 

Feature	🇮🇳 India	🇺🇸 United States
Dual Citizenship	Not Allowed	Allowed
OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) Equivalent	Limited rights (no voting, jobs, political office, land ownership)	Full rights retained for dual citizens
Legal Impact of Acquiring Foreign Citizenship	Indian citizenship must be surrendered	Retains U.S. citizenship; native citizenship can be retained
Diaspora Size	~32 million overseas Indians globally	~9 million overseas Americans globally
Brain Drain Policy	No formal program to bring back talent	Multiple return fellowships, open work permits, and integration schemes
Diaspora Talent Return Program	None	Yes (e.g., “American Science Reconnect”, Fulbright programs)
Top Leadership from Diaspora	Celebrated informally (e.g., CEOs of Google, Microsoft) but not citizens	Legally full citizens, eligible for highest offices, including President
Number of Patents per Year	~85,000 (2023, incl. foreign assignees)	~350,000+ (US-origin applicants dominate global innovation)
Nobel Laureates (Total)	13 India-linked (8 India-born), lowest per capita!	400+ of U.S.A. citizens, highest in the world!
GDP (2024 est.)	~$3.9 trillion	~$28 trillion
Ease of Returning to Citizenship	Extremely limited, discretionary	Simple, rights-based process
Visa and Residency for Former Citizens	OCI (lifelong visa but limited rights)	Full residency or expedited Green Card re-entry
Academic Brain Gain Programs	None formalized nationally	Yes (e.g., returning faculty pathways, NSF reintegration)
Diaspora Voting Rights	Not allowed	Yes (U.S. citizens abroad vote by mail)
Talent Re-engagement Strategy	Largely symbolic or limited to cultural ties	Strategic, backed by law, funding, and integration programs

Invest in Fundamental Science to Prevent Brain Drain

One of the most urgent challenges facing India’s knowledge economy is the lack of sustained investment in basic and fundamental research infrastructure, which remains a critical driver for innovation, deep technology, and national competitiveness. While India is rich in human talent, hardworking youth and bestowed with ancient scientific wisdom, it continues to face a shortfall in research funding and high-quality institutional opportunities, infrastructure, especially for young, talented minds in science and technology.

Every year, India sees thousands of top graduates and best brains in science, physics, mathematics, biology, AI, and engineering move abroad, not for better salaries alone, but for access to world-class laboratories, research ecosystems, mentorship, and freedom to pursue curiosity-driven inquiry, like I left India in 2000s to seek best opportunities and ecosystem to peruse my dream. But one think was very clear in my mind that I will return to India one day, that opportunity come in 2022 while many even better opportunities awaiting elsewhere. 

In contrast, countries like the USA, Germany, Denmark, China, Israel, etc invest substantially in basic science as a strategic foundation for national innovation. China’s focus on research universities and return-talent programs has made it a global leader in deep tech patents, quantum computing, semiconductors, and space science.

To truly become Atmanirbhar and globally competitive, India must elevate fundamental science to a national mission, with:

• A 5x increase in public funding for basic and interdisciplinary research
• Creation of young investigator grants and return fellowships and very attractive talent return program for overseas Indian scientists and innovators. 
• Establishment of research clusters in Tier-II and rural universities to promote distributed innovation
• Integration of Indian knowledge systems (IKS) with frontier science for globally distinctive breakthroughs.
• India bestowed with all the needed inherent talent to develop most cost effective, low emission, and sustainable production systems in all sectors with appropriate enabling environment to lead the global green growth with local actions.  

Without this foundational commitment, even the best diaspora re-engagement policies may fall short, as talent follows purpose, infrastructure, and intellectual freedom.

What Needs to Change?

India’s Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) scheme has been a positive step in acknowledging the emotional and cultural ties of our global diaspora. However, it remains an incomplete bridge, granting visa-free travel and residency but denying political rights, public sector opportunities, voting power, and full civic inclusion.

If India truly aspires to become a Vishwa Guru, a guiding force in the 21st century grounded in both Sanatan values and technological progress, it must boldly reimagine its citizenship framework to reflect the realities of global mobility, diaspora engagement, and knowledge-based economies.

Policy Recommendations for a Future-Ready Bharat

1. Recognize Dual Citizenship for Global Indians
   Amend the Indian Citizenship Act to allow dual citizenship for qualified emigrants, investors, professionals, and scientists, particularly those in countries with reciprocal arrangements and strategic alignment.
2. Launch a ‘Global Indian Talent Return Mission’
   Create a flagship program to attract and reintegrate high-achieving Indian-origin individuals through prestigious return fellowships, incentives, academic and startup fast-tracks, and dignified institutional roles.
3. Reform Nationality Laws for the 21st Century
   Replace the binary legal framework with one that honours transnational identity, contribution, and intent, recognizing that loyalty today is demonstrated through service—not just paperwork.
4. Enable Re-Acquisition of Indian Citizenship
   Introduce a clear, time-bound, and inclusive pathway for those who once renounced Indian citizenship but now wish to return and contribute to national development.
5. Reframe the Diaspora as Permanent Partners
   Stop viewing overseas Indians as “former citizens” and instead institutionalize them as lifelong ambassadors, co-creators, and policy stakeholders in India’s economic, scientific, and cultural progress.

The World is Moving Forward, Will India?

The decision of over 2 lakh Indians to renounce their citizenship in a single year is more than a bureaucratic statistic. It is a signal, a mirror held up to our outdated policies on identity, talent, and global integration.

While most advanced nations have embraced dual nationality as a tool of soft power and strategic advantage, India continues to enforce a binary model, pushing out its best minds and making return a legal impossibility.

If Bharat is to truly realize its ancient ethos of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and its modern ambition of becoming a Viksit Rashtra by 2047, we must urgently rethink what it means to be Indian, Bharatiya, not just by birth, but by choice, contribution, and conviction.

The time for this transformation is now! 

Plastic-Free Natural Pond Lining Options

Plastic-Free Pond Lining for Regenerative Agriculture and Water Stewardship
Dr. Chandrashekhar M. Biradar | Earth System Scientist & Lead-Global Green Growth 

As the world seeks sustainable solutions to the growing crises of water scarcity, microplastic pollution, and ecological degradation, it is time we turn to time-tested, nature-based approaches. One such solution lies beneath our feet — in the way we build and line ponds. It’s time to move beyond plastic.

A Global Call from Environment Day 2025: Plastic-Free Agriculture

During the recent Global Conference on Plastic-Free Agriculture and Environment Day 2025, held under the banner of Reclaiming the Earth, we brought together voices from science, policy, farming communities, and youth leaders. The message was clear:

• Plastic in soil and water must be phased out.
• Living water systems must be restored.
• Agriculture must go plastic-free — from seed to soil to storage.

A key resolution from the event was the promotion of natural pond linings as an ecological and scalable alternative to plastic sheets used in farm ponds. Plastic liners, while cheap in the short term, are now known to cause long-term harm — from microplastic leaching to ecological dead zones and economic burdens due to short lifespans and replacement needs.

Let us explore the plastic-free path forward.

Why Say No to Plastic Pond Liners?

Despite their quick-fix appeal, synthetic liners like HDPE and PVC have major drawbacks:

• Microplastic Pollution: Degrades under UV and heat, contaminating soil and water.
• Thermal Stress: Plastic heats quickly, disrupting aquatic life.
• Short Lifespan: Typically last 5–10 years, creating replacement and disposal issues.
• No Ecosystem Integration: Blocks microbial life, plant roots, and groundwater recharge.

In contrast, natural pond linings offer living solutions that regenerate the land and recharge our aquifers.

Seven Plastic-Free Natural Pond Lining Options 

1. Compacted Clay Lining
Compacted clay lining is among the oldest and most ecologically harmonious methods of sealing ponds and water harvesting structures. This method relies on the natural sealing properties of clay-rich soils especially those with 30–50% clay content to create a semi-impermeable barrier that retains water effectively while supporting the microbial and biological life essential for a healthy pond ecosystem.

Why Clay Works: Clay particles are microscopic plate-like structures that, when moistened and compacted, align tightly, reducing pore spaces and drastically limiting water infiltration. The result is a dense, slow-permeating seal that mimics the natural pond bottoms found in traditional village tanks and seasonal wetlands

Step-by-Step Process of Compacted Clay Lining

Step	Description
1. Site Cleaning	Remove debris, organic material, and sharp stones from pond base and embankments.
2. Soil Testing	Ensure clay content is at least 30% using field jar sedimentation or lab testing.
3. Layering	Spread 10–15 cm thick moist clay-rich soil over the base.
4. Moisture Conditioning	Add water to achieve plastic consistency—neither too dry nor sticky.
5. Compaction	Use mechanical rollers, wooden rammers, or cattle trampling to compress the layer.
6. Repeat	Add 2–3 additional layers (total thickness 30–45 cm), compacting each layer well.
7. Final Sealing	Apply a smooth top layer and gently slope toward center for drainage.

Ecological and Functional Benefits

• Water Retention: Clay seals prevent rapid percolation, ensuring seasonal and year-round water availability.
• Biodegradable and Local: Uses locally sourced soil, avoiding synthetic materials or imported inputs.
• Supports Microbial & Aquatic Life: Allows slow seepage and temperature buffering, supporting soil microbes, beneficial bacteria, aquatic flora like lotus and azolla, and fauna like frogs and insects.
• Groundwater Recharge: Allows controlled percolation at the base while reducing horizontal seepage, recharging shallow aquifers.
• Cost-Effective: Ideal for MGNREGA, watershed, and farmer-led pond construction without dependence on plastic imports.

Limitations and Mitigation

Challenge	Solution
Cracking during dry periods	Add small % of organic material like straw or cow dung to prevent fissures
Erosion on bunds	Use stone pitching or plant vetiver grass along edges
Clay unavailability in site soil	Transport from nearby catchment or use bentonite-clay mix

Estimated Clay Requirement Per Pond

(For a 20m x 20m pond with 1.5m depth)

Parameter	Value
Base Area	400 m²
Side Slopes + Buffer	~200 m²
Total Area to Line	~600 m²
Clay Thickness	30 cm (0.3 m)
Total Volume of Clay	180 m³
Soil Required (wet weight)	~250–300 tons (depending on moisture content)

2. Bentonite Clay Amendment: The Self-Healing Natural Sealant

Bentonite clay is a naturally occurring volcanic-origin swelling clay composed predominantly of sodium montmorillonite. When hydrated, it expands up to 10–15 times its dry volume, forming a dense, gel-like barrier that seals pores, cracks, and fissures in the soil. This makes it an ideal plastic-free alternative for lining new ponds or repairing existing leaking ponds, especially where local soil lacks sufficient clay content.

Why Bentonite Works

The unique structure of bentonite allows it to:

• Absorb water and swell, blocking voids and preventing seepage
• Retain its structure under pressure, resisting punctures and erosion
• Self-heal minor cracks and shifts, maintaining long-term impermeability

This hydraulic sealing capacity makes bentonite comparable to engineered geosynthetic liners, but with the added benefits of biodegradability, affordability, and ecological compatibility.

Application Methods for Pond Sealing

There are two common approaches to apply bentonite clay in farm ponds:

A. Blanket Method (for New Ponds)

1. Prepare surface by leveling and removing organic matter
2. Apply bentonite at 1–2 kg per square meter (adjust based on soil type)
3. Mix thoroughly with 5–10 cm of topsoil using a rotavator or spade
4. Compact the layer using rollers or rammers
5. Add water gradually to activate swelling and seal formation

B. Sprinkle Method (for Leaking Ponds)

1. Lower pond water to expose leaking areas
2. Sprinkle bentonite powder directly on the affected zones (1–1.5 kg/m²)
3. Refill with water slowly to allow clay to settle and swell
4. Monitor for 7–10 days; leaks typically reduce or stop completely

Bentonite Dosage Recommendations

Soil Type	Recommended Dosage (kg/m²)
Sandy Soil	2.5–5.0 kg
Sandy Loam	2.0–3.5 kg
Loam/Clay Loam	1.5–2.0 kg
Clay-Rich Soil	1.0–1.5 kg

Note: Dosage may vary depending on pond depth, size, and seepage intensity.

 Ecological and Functional Benefits

✔️ Self-Healing Ability: Automatically seals small cracks or root penetrations over time
✔️ Natural & Non-Toxic: Safe for fish, livestock, and aquatic plants
✔️ Minimal Maintenance: Requires no synthetic liner or major structural reinforcement
✔️ Reusable: Can be replenished or mixed with site soil to restore old ponds
✔️ Supports Biological Activity: Unlike plastic, allows microbial life to thrive at the pond-soil interface

Use Case Example: In Andhra Pradesh’s semi-arid Rayalaseema region, farmers under the Community Natural Farming program have successfully sealed leaking ponds using the sprinkle method with bentonite, enabling water retention for 4–6 months even during lean rainfall periods — all without plastic sheets.

Points to Consider

Limitation	Mitigation Strategy
High cost in remote regions	Use selectively on leaking zones only
Requires moisture to activate	Pre-wet soil or apply during monsoon
Not effective in flowing water	Best for static ponds and farm tanks

Integration with Other Natural Techniques

For best results, combine bentonite amendment with:

• Compacted clay base (in dual lining approach)
• Vetiver-stabilized embankments
• Biochar mix for long-term adsorption and filtration
• Gobar-mitti surface coat for microbial richness

This multi-layered, living pond design ensures both ecological sustainability and long-term structural resilience.

3. Gobar-Mitti Bio-Lining (Cow Dung + Straw)

Gobar-Mitti Lining is a classical indigenous technique that combines cow dung, clayey soil, and agricultural straw(usually rice straw or husk) to create a natural, breathable, and ecologically active pond lining. Practiced across India for centuries in tanks, kunds, and baoris, this method not only retains water effectively but also nurtures the microbial and aquatic life vital for a thriving water body.

Why the Blend Works: Science of a Living Liner

The clay offers sealing strength through fine particle compaction.
Cow dung contributes natural enzymes, beneficial microbes, and colloids.
Straw/husk acts as structural binder and anti-crack reinforcement.
Together, this triad forms a bio-cemented matrix that mimics natural wetland substrates.

Furthermore, mild algal growth over time forms a biological sealing film that enhances water retention, prevents erosion, and creates habitat for microorganisms, aquatic insects, and young fish—strengthening the liner both structurally and ecologically.

Synergistic Benefits of Algal Colonization

Once water is filled into the pond:

• A thin mat of green algae and cyanobacteria develops naturally over the Gobar-Mitti layer.
• This biofilm acts like a living skin—plugging micro-porosity, regulating oxygen, and reinforcing the integrity of the lining.
• It supports the emergence of plankton, snails, and other flora/fauna that form the base of the aquatic food web.
• The photosynthetic layer aids in water purification and moderating pH and temperature extremes.

This is in sharp contrast to plastic liners, which inhibit biological colonization and reduce the ecological richness of ponds.

Step-by-Step Application Process

Step	Activity
1. Material Preparation	Mix fresh cow dung, sieved clay-rich soil, and chopped straw or rice husk in 1:2:1 ratio. Add water to create a smooth plaster-like paste.
2. Site Preparation	Clean and level the pond base and embankments. Remove stones and debris.
3. Layering	Apply 2–3 thin coats (1–2 cm each) of the gobar-mitti mixture. Allow partial drying between each layer.
4. Curing	Let the final coat dry under partial shade for 3–5 days. This step is essential to ensure binding and crack resistance.
5. Filling and Maturation	Fill the pond slowly to promote algal colonization and liner consolidation. Avoid overfilling in the first week.

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📈 Key Benefits

• Naturally Anti-Microbial and Anti-Fungal
  Inhibits harmful bacteria and pest larvae (e.g., mosquitoes)
• Strengthened by Straw and Algae
  Fibrous straw prevents desiccation cracks; algae adds living reinforcement
• Enhances Soil Fertility
  Pond bottom becomes a nutrient-rich substrate over time
• Biodiversity Booster
  Encourages emergence of fish, aquatic plants, dragonflies, frogs, and beneficial insects
• Thermal Insulation and Breathability
  Unlike plastic, gobar-mitti layers regulate soil-water temperature

Performance Snapshot

Parameter	Gobar-Mitti Lining	Plastic Liner
Sealing Efficiency	Moderate (improves with algae)	High initially, degrades over time
Lifespan	1–2 years, renewable	5–10 years, non-renewable
Cost	Very Low (local inputs)	High (market purchase)
Ecological Integration	High	Very low
Biodegradability	100%	0%
Maintenance	Easy and local	Specialized and costly

Cultural, Spiritual & Ecological Resonance

In Vedic and Agamic traditions, gomaya (cow dung) is considered sacred and purifying, symbolizing the cycle of life, fertility, and balance with nature. Lining ponds with gobar-mitti not only revives this wisdom but also provides modern, evidence-backed benefits that align with sustainable agriculture and climate resilience.

Integration with Other Nature-Based Techniques

For enhanced durability and multifunctionality, Gobar-Mitti lining can be synergized with:

• Vetiver- or bamboo-stabilized bunds
• Bentonite patching for high-seepage zones
• Biochar-mixed base layer
• Water-filtering inlet traps using pebbles and sand

The Gobar-Mitti lining system is not just a method—it is a manifestation of living design.
It seals, breathes, feeds, heals, and transforms a pond into a regenerative ecosystem.

“A pond that holds water is useful. A pond that holds life is sacred.”

4. Lime-Stabilized Soil Lining: A Durable and Low-Cost Natural Sealing Technique for Semi-Arid Zones

Lime-stabilized soil lining is a time-tested geotechnical technique that enhances the water-holding capacity of local soils by reducing their permeability through lime or pozzolanic material incorporation. By mixing agricultural lime (CaO or Ca(OH)₂) or fly ash into the pond base and bund soil, farmers can achieve a semi-impermeable, firm, and erosion-resistant pond lining — ideal for semi-arid and drought-prone landscapes, where resource constraints demand cost-effective, locally available, and scalable solutions. 

The Science Behind Lime Stabilization

When lime or fly ash is mixed with soil:

• Clay particles flocculate (clump), reducing porosity
• Pozzolanic reactions occur, forming cementitious compounds like calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrates (CAH)
• This leads to improved compaction, strength, and water resistance

The result is a stable, hardened soil matrix that retains water efficiently while resisting erosion and degradation.

Step-by-Step Application

Step	Description
1. Soil Selection	Use fine-grained soil with moderate clay content (20–35%)
2. Lime/Fly Ash Mixing	Add agricultural lime (4–8% by weight) or fly ash (8–12%) to loosened soil
3. Moisture Conditioning	Sprinkle water and mix thoroughly to form a moist, consistent layer
4. Layering and Compaction	Apply 2–3 layers of 10–15 cm thick lime-treated soil, compact each with rammers/rollers
5. Curing	Let it cure for 3–7 days, keeping the surface moist for chemical bonding to set in

Note: Fly ash should only be used from certified low-toxicity sources (Class C fly ash preferred).

Benefits of Lime-Stabilized Soil Lining

• Durable and Long-Lasting
  Withstands weathering, drying–wetting cycles, and bund slippage
• Low-Cost and Locally Adaptable
  Requires only lime/fly ash and soil—minimal external materials
• Improves Soil Health in Non-Lining Areas
  Stabilized bunds reduce erosion and support vegetation over time
• Ideal for Arid and Semi-Arid Regions
  Works well where bentonite or clay is unavailable or costly
• Safe and Non-Toxic
  When applied in correct proportions, poses no harm to aquatic ecosystems

Use Cases in India and Beyond

• In Rajasthan and Telangana, lime-treated pond bunds under MGNREGA have improved water retention by over 30–50% compared to untreated soils
• In Sahelian Africa, lime-soil combinations are used to line rainwater harvesting pits, improving storage during long dry seasons
• In Bundelkhand, a pilot project using lime fly-ash soil blend reduced seepage losses in check dams by 40–60%

Comparative Snapshot

Feature	Lime-Stabilized Lining	Plastic Liner	Compacted Clay
Cost	Low	High	Moderate
Lifespan	10–15 years	5–10 years	10–12 years
Ecological Compatibility	High	Low	High
Ease of Repair	Moderate	Difficult	Easy
Suitability for Drylands	High	Low (cracks with heat)	High

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Points to Consider

Limitation	Mitigation
May crack under extreme heat	Add organic matter (e.g., straw or dung) to mix
Requires proper mixing and curing	Train local masons or SHG members
Not suited for sandy soils alone	Combine with clay/silt for effective stabilization

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Integration in Ridge-to-Reef Designs

Lime-stabilized soil lining is best used in:

• Bunds and embankments
• Bottom lining in combination with clay or bentonite
• Runoff catchment zones
• Contour trenches and percolation tanks

Pairing it with vetiver grass planting, biochar addition, or gobar-mitti coatings can yield multifunctional outcomes—improving structural resilience, water quality, and ecological value.

5. Stone Pitching with Soil Grouting: A Structural-Ecological Hybrid for Resilient Pond Embankments

Stone pitching with soil grouting is a robust earth-engineering technique used to stabilize pond bunds, sidewalls, and inlet–outlet structures. It involves lining the inner slope and base of the pond with natural stones, carefully arranged and grouted with a binding mix made of clay, lime, and/or cementitious material. This hybrid design provides both mechanical strength and ecological harmony, ideal for ponds in erosion-prone, undulating, or rocky terrains.

Why Stone Pitching Works

• Stones act as armor against wave action, livestock movement, and rain splash
• Soil-lime grout fills the gaps, preventing water from seeping through loose stone packing
• Gradual water movement through the interface supports controlled recharge and microbial activity

The system functions like a permeable yet stable lining, ideal for natural farming ponds, check dams, and community tanks requiring longevity and minimal maintenance.

Step-by-Step Implementation

Step	Action
1. Site Preparation	Excavate and level the embankments or sloped pond base; clear loose soil and debris
2. Stone Selection	Use medium-sized stones (6–20 cm), flat-sided preferred for tight packing
3. Grout Preparation	Mix 60% clay + 30% lime + 10% sand or ash (or use 4:1 soil to hydrated lime)
4. Pitching	Lay stones by hand in interlocking pattern, starting from base upward
5. Grouting	Pour or inject grout mixture into joints and compact; apply final slurry coating if needed
6. Curing	Allow 3–7 days of partial drying and moisture maintenance for setting

For high-load zones (e.g., tank inlets, spillways), add larger foundation stones or stone masonry blocks.

Ecological and Functional Benefits

• Prevents Erosion & Wave Damage
  Protects pond walls from rainfall runoff, livestock trampling, and wind-induced waves
• Stabilizes Earthen Embankments
  Reduces bund failure risk and enhances pond longevity
• Improves Percolation with Control
  Porous stone-grout interface allows gradual recharge into subsoil layers
• Ecological Niche Creation
  Micro-gaps between stones serve as habitat for beneficial aquatic organisms
• Supports Vegetation Establishment
  Roots of grasses like vetiver, lemongrass, or local species find anchorage among stones

Design Recommendations

Pond Size	Stone Thickness (slope area)	Suggested Grout Depth
< 20 m²	15–20 cm	3–5 cm
20–100 m²	20–30 cm	5–8 cm
>100 m²	30–45 cm	8–10 cm

Combined Applications

This technique pairs well with:

• Compacted clay base for the bottom lining
• Bentonite patching at seepage-prone zones
• Gobar-mitti or biochar coatings on top layer
• Vegetative bunds with native or medicinal grasses

This makes the pond multifunctional—resilient to stress and supportive of ecological productivity.

Use Cases and Field Success

• In Karnataka’s semi-arid districts, stone-pitched tanks have withstood heavy monsoon flows and high cattle movement
• MGNREGA-built water structures in Bundelkhand and Marathwada feature this method to reinforce desilting and renovation works
• In Nepal’s hill ponds, this technique is blended with spring-box recharge pits, enhancing water availability for 6–8 months annually

Performance Snapshot

Feature	Stone Pitching + Grouting	Plastic Liner
Structural Stability	Very High	Low (prone to tearing)
Water Holding Capacity	High (with compact base)	High initially
Recharge Potential	Moderate	Very Low
Lifespan	15–25 years	5–10 years
Habitat Support	High	None
Maintenance Cost	Low	High (repair, disposal)

 

Points to Consider

Challenge	Solution
Initial labor intensity	Mobilize MGNREGA/SHG workforce
Grout drying in hot zones	Use partial shade/netting or early morning work
Material sourcing in plains	Use laterite or broken bricks as alternatives

Traditional Roots and Local Knowledge

This method resonates with ancient Indian hydraulic systems, including:

• Kere bunds of Karnataka
• Stepwells (baoris) of Rajasthan
• Phad irrigation tanks of Maharashtra

Reviving it with low-carbon grouting mixes ensures continuity of jal shilp kala (traditional water engineering) in today’s regenerative agriculture frameworks.

6. Vetiver Root Lining: A Living, Self-Renewing Bioengineering Shield for Pond Stability and Ecological Health

Vetiver root lining is a nature-based bioengineering technique that leverages the extraordinary root architecture of Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) to stabilize pond bunds, prevent erosion, and reduce seepage. Unlike synthetic barriers or rigid structures, vetiver systems evolve, deepen, and strengthen with time—adapting to climate stress, supporting biodiversity, and purifying water. Planted strategically along pond embankments, spillways, and catchment areas, vetiver creates a “green wall” with deep roots—up to 3–4 meters vertically, binding soil and acting as a biological filter and living barrier.

Why Vetiver Works

• Vetiver roots grow vertically, not laterally, making them ideal for bunds without competing with nearby crops
• Their high tensile strength (equal to mild steel wire) holds soil particles even during extreme rainfall events
• The dense culm structure at the base reduces wind and water erosion
• Its rhizosphere enhances soil microbial activity and water filtration

Establishing Vetiver Root Lining Around a Pond

Step	Action
1. Trench Preparation	Dig a shallow trench (10–15 cm deep) 0.5–1 meter from pond edge
2. Spacing and Planting	Plant vetiver slips (tillers) 10–15 cm apart for a continuous hedge
3. Soil Compaction	Firm soil around each slip and water immediately
4. Aftercare	Light mulching and watering for the first month; no fertilizer needed
5. Expansion	Allow natural tillering and self-multiplication; hedge thickens over 3–6 months

Ecological and Functional Benefits

• Bioengineering Marvel
  Replaces stone, concrete, and plastic with a living, adaptive root mesh that strengthens over time
• Reduces Erosion and Wave Action
  Protects bunds from runoff, cattle trails, rainfall, and fluctuating pond levels
• Filters Runoff Naturally
  Traps sediment, agrochemical residues, and nutrients from farm inflows
• Enhances Biodiversity
  Provides nesting ground for birds, pollinators, beneficial insects, and frogs
• Promotes Groundwater Recharge
  Vetiver-lined ponds allow slow percolation and aquifer interaction
• Low Maintenance and Self-Propagating
  No weeding required after establishment; vetiver is sterile and non-invasive

Design Tips for Maximum Impact

Feature	Recommendation
Bund Slope Stabilization	One row of vetiver on inner and outer face
High-Risk Erosion Zone	Two staggered rows or U-shaped layout
Inlet Spillways	Dense vetiver filter bed (~1m wide)
Dry Zones	Use local mulch to aid establishment

Ecological Companions and Intercropping

Vetiver hedges can be combined with:

• Medicinal and aromatic grasses (e.g., lemongrass, citronella)
• Flowering species (e.g., marigold, tulsi) for pollinator support
• Shrubs like moringa or glyricidia behind the hedge for additional canopy

This creates a multilayered protective buffer, enhancing aesthetics, carbon capture, and ecosystem services.

Performance Snapshot

Feature	Vetiver Root Lining	Plastic or Stone Bunds
Soil Holding Strength	Very High	High
Cost	Low	High (installation & repair)
Longevity	10+ years (perennial)	5–10 years
Climate Adaptation	High	Low
Habitat and Aesthetics	Excellent	None

Cultural and Sanatan Wisdom

In ancient Nighantu texts and regional traditions, Vetiver (Ushira/Khus) was revered not just for fragrance, but as a sacred earth anchor and coolant. Used in water mats (chattai), temple offerings, and tank linings, it is both ritual and restoration plant.

Ideal for…

• Natural farming pond bunds
• Watershed recharge pits
• Agroforestry trenches and borders
• Community water commons

7. Biochar-Enhanced Clay Lining: A Nature-Positive Innovation for Water Security and Soil Regeneration

Biochar-enhanced clay lining is a regenerative, climate-smart method that combines clay-rich soil with biochar—a porous, carbon-rich material derived from pyrolyzed biomass—to form a composite pond lining that excels in water retention, microbial colonization, and carbon sequestration. This method not only prevents excessive seepage but transforms the pond base into a living bio-reactor that filters, buffers, and stores both water and carbon. 

By merging traditional compacted clay techniques with modern soil microbiome science, this lining method offers a long-lasting, multifunctional solution for ponds in arid, semi-arid, and degraded landscapes.

Why Biochar + Clay Works

• Clay provides structural sealing through fine particle compaction
• Biochar adds porosity, allowing microbe colonization, slow percolation, and improved water-holding capacity
• The porous carbon matrix holds water up to 5–7 times its weight and acts as a reservoir for nutrients and beneficial bacteria
• Acts as a natural filter, reducing contaminants and improving water quality over time

Application Process

Step	Activity
1. Biochar Preparation	Use well-pyrolyzed (350–550°C) biochar from woody/agri residues; crush to fine granules
2. Soil-Biochar Mixing	Mix at 5–10% biochar by volume with clay-rich soil
3. Moisture Conditioning	Add water and knead the mix to a paste-like consistency
4. Layering and Compaction	Apply 2–3 layers (10–15 cm each), compacted manually or mechanically
5. Optional Inoculation	Biochar can be inoculated with compost tea, cow urine, or slurry to seed microbial life before application

 

Ecological and Functional Benefits

• Improves Water Retention
  Biochar’s internal pore network enhances clay’s capacity to retain moisture
• Enhances Microbial Activity
  Microbes colonize biochar, forming biofilms that aid nutrient cycling and organic matter stabilization
• Natural Water Filtration
  Adsorbs heavy metals, pathogens, and toxins, improving water quality for aquaculture or irrigation
• Long-Term Carbon Storage
  Each ton of biochar can sequester ~2.2–2.6 tons of CO₂ equivalent for centuries
• Soil Health Recovery
  When ponds dry seasonally, the biochar-lined soil enriches the pond bed, increasing its fertility

Performance Highlights

Parameter	Biochar-Clay Lining	Plain Clay Lining	Plastic Liner
Water Retention	Very High	High	Very High
Microbial Activity	Excellent	Moderate	None
Climate Mitigation	Strong	Low	Negative (plastic waste)
Cost	Moderate (initially)	Low	High
Ecological Compatibility	Very High	High	Low

 

Field Applications and Use Cases

• Araku Valley, Andhra Pradesh: Tribal farmers use biochar-lined check ponds in agroforestry plots, reducing irrigation needs by ~30%
• Rajasthan Desert Zones: Biochar-clay liners used in rooftop rainwater tanks reduce leakage and improve water taste
• Sub-Saharan Africa: Adopted in FAO/UNCCD dryland water harvesting projects for dual water-carbon conservation

Recommended Mix Ratio (for Lining Applications)

Component	Proportion (by volume)
Clayey Soil	90–95%
Biochar (fine)	5–10%
Optional Add-ons	Cow dung slurry or compost tea (for inoculation)

 

Integration in Regenerative Designs

Best used in conjunction with:

• Gobar-mitti surface finish for biological sealing
• Vetiver embankments to prevent edge erosion
• Contour bunds and micro-catchments to enhance recharge
• Food forest zones that utilize the pond water and runoff

This makes the pond not just a water-holding structure, but a living, climate-positive system contributing to soil regeneration and local water cycles.

Rooted in Tradition, Aligned with Innovation

While biochar is gaining global attention today, charcoal-amended soils (Terra Preta) have been known in ancient Vedic agriculture and Amazonian systems. Reviving this knowledge with modern soil science can offer scalable, nature-compatible water solutions in India’s drylands.

Ecological & Economic Comparison

Feature	Plastic Liner	Natural Lining
Lifespan	5–10 years	20+ years with maintenance
Soil and Water Health	Negative	Positive
Ecosystem Integration	Low	High
Cost Over 10 Years	High	Low
Groundwater Recharge	Nil	Moderate and beneficial

A Return to Living Systems

In regenerative farming, water bodies must do more than hold water. They must breathe, host life, recharge aquifers, purify runoff, and nourish the land. Plastic prevents this. Natural linings, on the other hand, enable it.

With innovations in bio-cementation, clay science, soil biology, and plant-root systems, natural pond construction is both scientifically robust and rooted in our ecological traditions.

Policy and Practice: The Way Forward

• Integrate natural pond lining techniques into MGNREGA, Jal Shakti Abhiyan, and PMKSY
• Create model ponds at every KVK, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, and organic cluster
• Ban plastics in certified organic and eco-sensitive zones
• Train local youth and engineers in natural pond construction
• Provide incentives for community ponds with ecological services

Conclusion: Water is Sacred, Let it Flow Naturally

Let us remember, in Bharatiya parampara, water bodies were never lined with plastic. They were created as sacred ecosystems—kunds, pushkarnis, tanks, and johads—each designed with local materials, community wisdom, and spiritual care.

In going plastic-free, we are not going backwards — we are going back to our roots to build the future.

Let our ponds be living waters, not plastic pits.
Let every drop nurture not just crops, but ecosystems and livelihoods.
Let every farm pond be a symbol of regenerative dharma.

Join the movement for Plastic-Free Agriculture.
Let’s build 1 million natural ponds across Bharat before 2030.

#PlasticFreeAgriculture #NaturalFarming #WaterConservation #RegenerativeAgriculture #SanatanScience #EcoEngineering #EnvironmentDay2025 #LivingWaters #GGGC #PondRevolution #BackToNature